Exclusionary Geographies: The Nature of Stigma Associated with Domestic Sweepers (Balmiki Women) in District Yamuna Nagar, Haryana (India)

Abstract

This study investigates the stigma experienced by Balmiki women engaged in domestic sweeping in Yamuna Nagar district, Haryana, within the intersecting contexts of caste, class, and gender. Dalit communities remain disproportionately represented in this occupation, reinforcing caste hierarchies and perpetuating notions of “pollution” that devalue their labor. Such stigma manifests through social exclusion, restricted mobility, and limited opportunities for advancement. Gendered expectations intensify these challenges, as women balance domestic responsibilities while facing workplace harassment and systemic neglect. Despite urbanization and economic development, Balmiki women in District Yamuna Nagar, Haryana continue to encounter both overt and subtle forms of discrimination across rural and urban settings. Using qualitative methods — focus group discussions to highlights how caste and gender intersect to sustain occupational stigma and marginalization. Findings underscore the need for stronger legal protections, awareness campaigns, and community-driven initiatives that promote the dignity of labor and challenge entrenched biases. Addressing these issues is essential for fostering equity, inclusion, and social justice in rapidly transforming urban-industrial contexts.